Health and Longevity

Coronaviruses

Coronaviruses (original article in Russian language – Коронавирус) (the term comes from the Latin Coronaviridae) are a family that includes, as of January 2020, 40 species of RNA — containing viruses, United in two subfamilies that affect humans and animals. The name is associated with the structure of the virus, whose spiny appendages resemble a crown.

Coronavirus Alphacoronavirus 1

The coronaviruses include:

The SARS-CoV virus is the causative agent of SARS pneumonia, the first case of which was registered in 2002;
MERS-CoV virus is the causative agent of the middle East respiratory syndrome, an outbreak of which occurred in 2015;
The 2019-nCoV virus is responsible for a new type of pneumonia outbreak in 2019-2020.

Human coronavirus was first isolated in 1965 from SARS patients. Sources of coronavirus infections can be a sick person or animals. Possible transmission mechanisms: air-drop, air-dust, fecal-oral, contact. The incidence increases in winter and early spring.– Далее –

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Lungs

Breathing

Breathing (hereinafter — “D.”; this article is in russian — Дыхание) — is a set of processes that provide the flow of oxygen into the body and the release of carbon dioxide (external D.) and the use of oxygen by cells and tissues for the oxidation of organic substances with the release of the energy contained in them, necessary for life (tissue respiration, cellular D.). Oxygen-free way of energy release is peculiar only to a small group of organisms-the so-called anaerobes; during the evolution of the release of energy as a result of D. the vast majority of organisms became the main process, and anaerobic reactions remained mainly as intermediate stages of metabolism.

The breath of animals and humans

In protozoa, sponges, coelenterates and some other organisms O₂ diffuses directly through the surface of the body. With the complication of the organization and increase in body size there are special breathing organs, as well as the circulatory system, which circulates the liquid — blood or hemolymph containing substances that can bind and carry O₂ and CO₂ (see hemoglobin). In insects, O₂ enters the tissues from the system of air — borne tubes-trachea. In aquatic animals, using dissolved in water O₂, respiratory gills are provided with a rich network of blood vessels. In this case, O₂ dissolved in water diffuses into the blood circulating in the vessels of Gill slits. In many fish, the intestinal D. plays a significant role, in which air is swallowed and O₂ enters the blood through the blood vessels of the intestine; some role In D. fish also plays a swimming bubble; many animals living in the water exchange of gases (mainly CO₂) occurs through the skin.– Далее –

Cancer, Disease, Oncology

Cancer — description of the disease

Cancer (this article is in Russian — Рак) is a malignant tumor of epithelial cells of the skin, mucous membranes of the stomach, intestines, respiratory tract, various glands, etc. In connection with the morphological features distinguish the various forms of cancer: squamous cell carcinoma (develops primarily on the skin and mucous membranes covered with squamous epithelium), adenocarcinoma, Scherr and others.

Cancer (Latin cancer, carcinoma, from the Greek karkinos — cancer, crab) — a malignant tumor from the epithelium, that is, from the tissue that covers the animal organism from the outside and lining it from the inside, as well as its forming glands. Therefore, cancer is a malignant tumor (tumor, blastoma) of the skin, digestive tract, respiratory and urinary tract, lungs, kidneys, liver, genitals and glands. The name given by the doctors of the middle ages, is associated with the appearance of a tumor resembling cancer or crab. Cancer accounts for the vast majority of all malignant human tumors, including many sarcomas, hematological malignancies, glial tissue, bone, and other tumors. In some countries, cancer is understood as any cancer.– Далее –

Thesaurus

Life

Life (жизнь) (hereinafter referred to as “L.”) is the highest compared to the physical and chemical form of existence of matter, arises under certain conditions in the process of its development. Living objects differ from nonliving metabolism — a prerequisite L., ability to reproduction, growth, active regulation of its composition and functions, to various forms of movement, irritability, adaptability to environment, etc.

However, strictly scientific differentiation of living and nonliving meets certain difficulties items. So, there is still no consensus about whether human viruses that are outside cells of the host organism does not possess any of the attributes of the living: in the virus particle at this time there are no metabolic processes, it is not able to reproduce, etc.

The specificity of living things and life processes can be described as aspect of their financial structure and key features, underlying all manifestations of L. the Most accurate definition of life, embracing simultaneously both of these approaches to the problem, given about 100 years ago, the German philosopher, thinker and public figure, founder of Marxism Friedrich Engels: “Life is the mode of existence of protein bodies, and this method of existence consists essentially in a constant renewal of the chemical component parts of these bodies” (K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch., 2nd ed., vol. 20, p. 82). The term “protein” had not yet been determined quite accurately and it is usually attributed to the protoplasm as a whole.– Далее –

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Pregnancy

Physiological birth

Childbirth (роды) is a normal physiological act of a woman’s life.

When the fruit is right, when the size of his head does not exceed the size of the maternal pelvis, when the first deliveries taking place in a woman is not old, but at a young age, they occur most part almost painless, or with a little soreness, which is easily a woman carries.

If a woman obsessed with the fear of pain, even slightly bout it takes for the beginning of pains and preparing for something terrible, starts screaming. The next day she was unable to transmit their feelings, since forgotten about them, and her cry was just waiting for something terrible. In most cases, pain during childbirth is developing a sense of fear of childbirth, which is the result of secular education on the idea that a woman “gives birth in pain.” This view is embedded in the consciousness of a woman with a child and waiting for the meal, she was experiencing them in advance.

To get rid of the fear of childbirth, a woman should from the beginning to the end of pregnancy attending antenatal clinics. There she will tell all about the pregnancy, the physiology of childbirth, to soothe her. A woman should go to the maternity hospital with full confidence in the doctors^[ru] and support staff who at the time of delivery will be with her, surrounding her with attention.

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Thesaurus

Heart

Heart (this article is in Russian^[ru] – сердце) – the central organ of the circulatory system in animals and humans, forcing blood into the arterial system and ensuring its movement through the vessels.

Circulatory system by cells and tissues of the body supplied with nutrients and oxygen, and removed from the products of metabolism. Therefore, the circulatory system is sometimes called the transport or distribution, system.

In humans, the heart is located in the thoracic cavity asymmetrically: ¹/₃ it is the right of the median plane of the body, ²/₃ – on the left. The base of the heart facing up, back and to the right; tip – down, forward and to the left.

The rear surface of the heart adjacent to the diaphragm. Since it is surrounded on all sides with light, except for the front surface immediately adjacent to the chest wall (Fig. 1):– Далее –

Thesaurus

Health

Health (здоровье) – is the natural state of the body, is characterized by its steadiness to the environment and the lack of any pathological changes.

Human health is determined by a complex biological (genetic and acquired) and social factors; the past are so important in maintaining health or to the origin and development of the disease that the preamble of the Charter of the World Health Organization says: “Health – a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” However, such a broad sociological definition of health is somewhat controversial, as the social usefulness of a person does not always coincide with his biological condition.

In general, the concept of health is somewhat arbitrary and objectively established jointly anthropometric, clinical, physiological and biochemical parameters determined by taking into account gender, age factors, as well as climatic and geographical conditions.

Health should be characterized not only qualitatively but also quantitatively, as there is a concept of its extent, determined by the breadth of adaptation (adaptive) of the body. Although health is a state opposite to the disease^[ru], it may be associated with it various transition states and not have clear boundaries.– Далее –

Eye, Thesaurus

Eye – a description of the body

Eye (глаз) – an organ of perception of light stimulation in some invertebrates (in particular, cephalopods), all vertebrates and humans. Most invertebrates function of the eye are less complex organs of vision, such as compound eyes. In vertebrates, the eye pair, are located in their sockets of the skull – and orbits consist of your own eyes or eyeballs, connected through the optic nerve to the brain, eyes and paranasal parts: age (see. the lids), lacrimal apparatus and eye-motor muscles. All vertebrates have a common type of eye structure.

The structure of the eye

The eyeball has a spherical shape. The central point of the front surface of the eye called the anterior pole, a point located on the rear surface, in the place of origin of the optic nerve – the posterior pole. The line connecting the poles of the eye is taken for an anatomical axis, it coincides with the geometrical axis. In the front, facing the light of the eye is located diopter (light-refracting) apparatus (refractive media system, which includes the cornea (See. The cornea), a transparent lenticular lens – the lens, aqueous humor and filling the cavity of the eye vitreous, as well as serving to accommodate the ciliary body and iris, or the iris), transmitting the image on a photosensitive retina (See. Retin-A), or retina.– Далее –

Thesaurus

Doctor

The doctor (this article is in Russia^[ru] — врач) — a person with completed higher medical education (except dentists with secondary medical education) or higher veterinary education.

(Article from the Russian “Great Soviet Encyclopedia”, punctuation in the original):

Physicians are trained medical school. Persons who have graduated from foreign medical school, physicians have the right to work in the USSR after the state examinations and examinations for those courses that are not taught in foreign schools. Persons who have experience of medical work, as well as persons with a scientific degree are admitted to medical work by special permission of the Ministry of Health ^[ru] (no exams).

Activities of physicians in a socialist state consists of curative and preventive work aimed at improving the environment, working and living conditions of the population. The doctor is guided by medical ethics, which includes the concept of the physician’s duty. Working in a hospital, the doctor must maintain patient confidentiality. It is the duty of the doctor – first aid. Soviet legislation criminalizes the failure to assist a patient unexcused persons obliged to provide such assistance under the law (the RSFSR Criminal Code, Art. 128). If the person did not have a medical staff necessary patient care in the performance of their duties, they are held accountable both for malfeasance. Doctors involved also in private practice, are required to register in a special book an overview of the patients, as well as all-purpose and manufactured manipulation.– Далее –

Situation

Death

Death (смерть) – the cessation of functioning of the body and as a result – the death of the individual as an isolated living system, accompanied by the decomposition of proteins and other biopolymers, which are the main material substratum of life^[ru]. At the heart of modern dialectical materialist ideas about death is the idea expressed by Friedrich Engels: “Even now do not consider the scientific physiology, which does not consider death as an essential aspect of life … that does not understand that the denial of life is essentially contained in life itself, so that life is always thought of in relation to its necessary result, we conclude that it is constantly in the bud – death “( Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Works, 2nd ed., g 20, p. 610).

Sometimes the concept of partial release of death, that is. E. The death of a group of cells, part or the whole body (necrosis). In unicellular organisms – simple – natural death of the individual is manifested in the form of division, since it is associated with the termination of the existence of the individual and the emergence of two new in its place. The death of an individual is usually accompanied by the formation of a corpse.

Depending on the causes of death, in the higher animals and humans are distinguished: natural death (also called physiological) occurring as a result of long-term, consistently developing fading of the basic vital functions of the body (see aging), and premature death (sometimes called pathological) causes painful condition of the body, injury to vital organs (brain, heart [ru], lung, liver, and others).– Далее –

Disease of infants

Treatment of neonatal ophthalmia

Ophthalmia neonatorum – purulent inflammation of the eye. At birth, the child should immediately wipe his eyes with a sterile swab, and then, after bathing, rub his eyes^[ru] again cloth soaked in warm water and put drops in each eye one drop of 1% solution of silver nitrate. This is in order to protect your child’s^[ru] eyes from possible infection after passage of the birth^[ru] canal of the mother.

Purulent inflammation of the eye in the newborn (ophthalmia) is observed frequently.

Ophthalmia following symptoms: swelling and redness of the eyelids, eye discharge sticky pussy fluid.– Далее –